Sources
Where every claim comes from.
Official and primary sources
- Élysée (Presidency of the Republic) — official biography, speeches, and transcripts, including the Sorbonne texts. https://www.elysee.fr
- French Interior Ministry — official election results and the 2024 candidate classification.
- UK House of Commons Library — French presidential election 2022 (briefing CBP-9522): the 58.54% / 41.46% runoff figures. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9522/CBP-9522.pdf
Reputable reporting
- Reuters — current-government reporting (e.g., 16 September 2026 on the Lecornu government); reproduction of the 2019 NATO interview.
- The Economist — the 7 November 2019 interview containing the “brain death of NATO” remark.
- NPR member stations — reporting on the 1 June 2017 “Make our planet great again” address.
- AP-derived international coverage — the 25 April 2024 Sorbonne speech.
- French national press (Le Monde, Libération, Le Figaro and broadcasters) — contemporaneous coverage of the 2017 campaign, the yellow-vest crisis, the 2023 pension reform, and the 2024 elections.
Academic and reference
- Peer-reviewed analyses of the 16 March 2020 address (transcript excerpts), e.g., via PubMed Central.
Image provenance
See the image captions for credits and context. Illustrated character art is a dramatization.
What is not a source here
Social-media posts, unsourced viral quotations, partisan blogs, and AI-generated text are never cited as evidence. Where French media reporting is the best available record (e.g., the 12 June 2018 remarks), the page says so.
Source notes
This page is the master list; individual pages cite the specific sources they rely on.